Complications of GDM include maternal type 2 DM, maternal hypertension, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. GDM is managed with medical nutritional therapy (MNT), exercise ...
Pregnant women who do not meet the criteria for GDM may still have glucose-mediated macrosomia, an adverse pregnancy outcome (stillbirth, birth trauma, cesarean section, pre-eclampsia, respiratory ...