1856 - 1874 China’s loss of control over its own seaports (Treaty Ports) including British regulation of Chinese emigration -- is the necessary condition for the beginning of the Chinese Coolie ...

"Let us consider the vile coolies ... to working on the transcontinental railroad that eventually linked the frontier west to markets back east, Chinese laborers hand-built aqueducts to transport ...

in their treaty with the Chinese, have legalized the exportation of coolies. "This has been done, no doubt, in reference to obtaining a supply of labor for the cotton lands in Algeria.