Complications of GDM include maternal type 2 DM, maternal hypertension, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. GDM is managed with medical nutritional therapy (MNT), exercise ...

Regular insulin, which is often used in pregnancy for the treatment of diabetes, has some drawbacks: it starts its action from 30 to 60 min after subcutaneous injection and it peaks too late (2-3 ...