The temperate index is calculated from terrestrial and freshwater populations from the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, and marine populations found north or south of the tropics. The global tropical ...

In most cases, temperate forests regenerating naturally are of low quality, missing the original level of biodiversity (Dudley et al. 1986). Restoration has become important for various reasons ...

Conservation shifts harmful land use elsewhere, worsening biodiversity loss in more vulnerable regions globally.